I. 1951 Refugee Convention thu
Leitlun ralpi a voikhatnak (1914-1918) le leitlun ralpi a voihnihnak (1939-1945) ṭheh hnu ah leitlun ram tinkim ah, ahleice in Europe ramlam ah, raltlan asilole beunak hawl pawl (Refugee) an hung tam sinsin. Ralpi a voihnihnak a cem zo na'n acozah le uk-awknak a ṭhat hrih lo ruangah Europe ram hmunkip ah buainak a leng. Acozah, acozah a si lomi hriamhrei keng pawlkom dangdang (Armed Group) le mi pumpak pawl ih hrem ding le thah ṭih ah mi tampi cu mai' umnak ramri lan tahratin ram dang tluang dang ah raltlan in an um.
Hih beunak hawltu (Refugee) pawk hi hremnak, tisiatnak le thahnak sung ihsin humhim an si theinak dingah ti in leitlun acozah tinkim him leitlun ralpi a voihnihnak hlan ihsin an rak zuam khawm cio zo. Asinan 1951 kum a hung thlen hnu lawngah United Nations (UN) ih hohatnak in Refugee pawl kilhimnak ding Convention pi cu tuahsuak a si. Hih Convention hi a sau zawngin Mirang ṭong cu "Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee" ti'n an ko ih a tawi zawng cun, "1951 Refugee Convention" ti'n an ko. Hih Refugee Convention hi 1951 kum, July thla 28 ni ah leitlun ram ram 19 hotu pawl ih lungkim hminthutnak thawn nemhnget a rak si ih 2023 kum, May thla tiangah hin hih Convention ih hmin a thuttu hi ram (149) an si zo.
A thokpek ahcun hih Refugee Convention hi Europe ramri Refugee pawl hrang lawng tumtah ih tuahmi cu asinan 1967 kum a hung thlen tikah Refugee Convention pehzomtu Protocol tiih kawhmi lungkimnak Sachuk cu tuah bet a si. Hih Protocol cu a tlangpi thu in 1967 Protocol ti'n an ko. Hin 1967 Protocol ruangah Europe ram lawng si loin Asia, Africa le America ram pawl ihsin ṭihphannak ruangih a tlantu pawl khal Refugee ah cohlan an si. Curuangah 1951 Refugee Convention le 1967 Protocal a pahnih ih komkhawm lawngah a famkimmi beunak hawltu pawl hrangih humhimnak (Refugee protection mechanism) timi a hung cangsuak thei.
Leitlun ih ummi ziangvek ram asikhale hih 1951 Refugee Convention le 1967 Protocol ih hminthutu a si ahcun amai ram sungh Refugee pawl laakluh theinak le umter theinak thu a nei. Asinan hih Refugee Covention ih hmin ṭhu lotu ram pawl cun beunak hawltu pawl cu anmai ram sungah kumkhua umter theinak thu an neih lo ruangah ramthumnak ah an kuat bet ṭheu. Laimi tamzet in beunak hawl dingih an pannak ram pawl a si mi Malaysia, India le Nepal ram pawl hi Refugee Convention ah hmin an ṭhu lo na'n an ram sungih an laakluhmi Refugee mipum cu maltakte lawng a si.
II. Refugee timi cu zo pawl an si?
1951 Refugee Convention ih Article 1A (2) ih simnak vek a si ahcun Refugee timi cu tanglam minung pawl hi an si.
"...owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for the reason of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country..."
Lai ṭong ih leh asile:
"Miphun, biaknak, pianpit rammi sinak, a hranpa pawlkom pakhatkhat sungih sungtel sinak silole ram thuhla parih mai thupom daan ruangah hremnak ka tuar ding a si ti in ṭihphannak taktak a neitu, amai piannak ram suahsan tahratin cuvek ṭihphannak a neih ruangah amai piannak ram acozah ih humhimnak a congah thei lotu, asilole, cuih humhimnak a la duh lotu..." mi pakhatkhat.
A parlam ih nganmi hrilhfiahnak (Definition) hi Refeugee sinak ih a muril taktak a si. Hih 1951 Refugee Convention ih Article 1A (2) ih simnak vek asi ah cun Refugee si theinak thu pa (5) a um ih cuih thu pawl cu:
- Miphun
- Biaknak
- Pianpit rammi sinak
- A hranpa pawlkom pakhatkhat sungih sungtel sinak
- Ram thuhla parih mai thupom daan pawl an si ih a tanglam ah fumfe deuh in kan zoh bet ding.
1. MIPHUN (Race)
Refugee Convetion ih pom daan ahcun miphun (Race) timi cun hrinhnam fatete pawl a huap ṭheh. Miphun tumpi sunih a telmi hrihnam fate pakhat khal a si thei. Miphun asilole hrinhnam pakhatkhat sinak ruangah theidan tuar hi milai pianvo (Human Rights) bawhsiatnak tumpi pakhat a si ruangah himi hi leitlun huap in kham a si. Thuṭhinnak ah hnam picang a simi kawl pawl in hnam tenau a simi Laimi pawl va tisiat, asilole, anmah kawlmi pawl lala in kawl hnam sung ihsin kawlmi hrinhnam fate deuh pawl va tisiat tivek hi a sim duhmi a si.
1951 Refugee Convention ih simnak vek a si ahcun miphun/hrinhnam thu ruangih thleidannak a tuartu pawl cu hremnak a tuartu pawl an si tin sim a theih. Hivek thleidannak an ton ruangah ningzah mualphonak an ton ih an milai pianvo (Human Rights) bawhsiat sak an si ahcun hi pawl cu hremnak a tuartu pawl tiah kawh an theih. Miphun pakhat na sinak menmen lawng cun Refugee sinak dil a ngah lo. Asinan cuih miphun na sinak ruangah tisiat le hrem na tuar a si ahcun Refugee sinak ngah dingih a tlingtu na si thei.
2. BIAKNAK (Religion)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) tiih kawhmi "Leitlunhuap Milai Pianvo Thu Phuansuahnak" hin a simmi cu zozo khal zalenzet in thuruah theinak (Freedom of Religion) le mai biaknak zum theinak (Freedom of Religion) pianvo (right) sungah mai biaknak thleng theinak, mai zummi kha mipi theih in siseh, a thupte in siseh, zirhnak in siseh, tuahnak in siseh, biakkhawmnak le nunpitnak in siseh zalenzet in phuansuah a theih timi pawl a tel.
Biaknak ruangih hremnak tuar timi hi a phunphun in a um thei. Thuthimnak ah; biaknaklam pawlkom pakhatkhat sungah sungtel si thei lo dingih khamnak, biaknak ih zirhmi vekin nung thei lo dingih khamnak, biaknaklam pawlkom pakhatkhat sungih telnak ruangah thleidan tuarnak ti pawl an si thei.
Biaknaklam pawlkom (Asilole) khawhhran pakhatkhat sungih va tel menmennak cun Refugee sinak dil a ngah lo. Asinan cuih na biaknak ruangah tisiat le hrem na tuar a si ahcun Refugee sinak ngah dingih a tlingtu na si thei.
3. PIANPIT RAMMI SINAK (Nationality)
"Piantpit rammi sinak" (Nationality) timi ṭongfang hi "Rammi Sinak" (Citizenship) timi ṭongfang thawn a bangawk lo ruangah thleidan thiam a ṭul. Pianpit rammi sinak timi cun suahkeh miphun asilole hmanmi ṭong a bang awmi miphun (of the same ethnic and linguistic minority) pakhat sungih a teltu khi a sawh duh mi a si. Curuangah pianpit rammi sinak (Nationality) timi le miphun (Race) timi hi a caancaan ahcun an huap awton veve.
Pianpit rammi sinak ruangih hremnak tuar ti tikah hrinhnam le hmanmi ṭong a bang awmi miphun fate pakhatkhat kha cuih anmai sinak pawl ruangah va thleidan le va tisiat khia a sawh duhmi a si. Ram pakhat sungah pianpit rammi sinak a neitu miphun pahnih pathum lai um khawmnak hin buainak a suahpi thei ih cuih buainak hin hremnak khal a suahpi thei. Thuṭhimnak ah Kawlram sungih a umtu Tuluk, Kawl le Vai pawl.
A tlangpithu cun mipum a mal deuhmi miphun pawl hin anmai pianpit rammi sinak ruangah hrem tuar ding an ṭih ṭheu. Asinan mipum a mal deuhmi miphun ih hrem tuar ding a mihtu mipum tam miphun khal leitlun ram hrekkhat ahcun an um thotho. Thuṭhimnak ah: hlanlai ah South Africa ram ah midum pawl cu a mipum cun an tamsawn nain mimal sawn le ram uktu a ṭuantu Mirang pawl ih hremnak mih le tuar in an rak um dah. Curuangah na pianpit rammi sinak ruangah hrem na tuar a si ahcun Refugee sinak ngah dingih a tlingtu na si thei.
4. A HRANPA PAWLKOM PAKHATKHAT SUNGIH SUNGTEL SINAK
"A hranpa pawlom pakhatkhat" (Particular Social Group) timi hin dunglam thuanthu (Background), Nuncan ziaza (Habit), le dinhmun sinak (Status) pawl a bang-awmi minung pawl a huap. Pawlkom pakhatkhat sungih sungtel sinak ruangah hrem tuar ding ṭihphannak le miphun, biaknak le pianpit rammi sinak ruangih hrem tuar ding ṭihphannak hi vei tampi cu an huap awton ṭheu. Acozah parah rin-umnak an nei lo ti ih ruah an tuar ruangah siseh, ram thuhla an pom daan ruang khal ah siseh, acozah Policy dokalhtu an si ti ih ruah an tuar ruang khal ah siseh hivek pawlkom sungtel pawl hi hrem le tisiat an tuarnak a si. A hranpa pawlkom pakhatkhat ih sungtel pawl cu a tanglam ih sinak neitu pawl an si:
(a) Suahkeh sinak: Nunau sinak, mipa sinak, mipa si na in nunau vekih umtu le nunau si nain mipa vekih umtu, hnam-ṭhen (Caste) sungtel pawl, ṭong phunkhat hmang tlangtu pawl.
(b) Thlengh theih nawn lomi sinak: A liamcia caan sungih thil cangmi pawl, Thuṭhimnak ah; Ralkap rak ṭuan dahtu, acozah mi-uk rak ṭuan dahtu, inn le lo rak nei dahtu, Nazi ralkap ṭuan dahtu.
A hranpa pawlpom pakhatkhat sungih a tel mentu sinak lawng cun Refugee sinak ngah a theih lo ding. Asinan hivek sungtel na sinak ruangah hrem na tuar a si ahcun Refugee sinak ngah dingih a tlingtu na si thei.
5. RAM THUHLA PARIH MAI THUPOM DAAN
Ram thuhla thu ah acozah ih thupom daan (Political Opinion) le mai thupom daan a bawng-awk lo ruang men ahcun Refugee sinak dil a ngah lo. Curuangah Refugee sinak a dil tumtu cun hih amai thupom daan ruangah hremnak tuar ding a si zia, asilole, hremnak a tuar zia pawl a hmuh thei a ṭul.
Amai thupom daan hi acozah pi ih Policy le thil tidaan (Method) pawl thawn a kalh-awk ruangah acozah in cuih a thupom daan cu a ngaithiam thei lo a si ti langter a ṭul fawn. Hih acozah ih ngaithiam thei lomi a thupom daan hi acozah hna theih ah a thleng a si ti khal Refugee sinak ngah a tumtu cun a langter thei a ṭul.
Curuangah ram thuhla parih mai thupom daan ruangah Reugee sinak a dil tumtu cun cuih a thupom cu a phuansuah ruangah acozah in a thie, asilole, a thei cing ding ti kha a langter thei a ṭul.
Cun, mai thupom daan lawng si loin acozah ih a duh lomi cangvaihnak ih tel ruangah hrem a tuartu, asilole, hrem tuar tengteng dingmi ka si ti zumtlakzet ih na sim thei a si ahcun Refugee sinak ngah dingiih a tlingtu na si thei.
III. Refugee sinak hrangih a thupizetmi thil dang pahnih
1951 Refugee Convention ih Article 1A(2) ih sim vekin Refugee tling thei dingih a ṭulmi thupi 5 cu a tlunlam ah simfiang a si zo. A tu ahcun Refugee sinak tling dingah lo theih lo ih a ṭulmi thil dang pahnih a umlai ih cumi pawl cu: 1) Ṭihphannak taktak neih ding, le 2) Mai umnak ram suahsan ding pawl an si.
(1) Ṭihphannak taktak (Well-founded fear)
"Hremnak ka tuar ding a si ti in ṭihphannak tattak" neih hi Refugee si theinak ih tawhfung pi a si. Ziangahtile hrem tuar dingih ṭiphannak na neih lo ahcun bom le humhim ṭulmi na si lo tinak a si. Hrem tuar ding ṭiphannak taktak a neitu pawl lawng hi Refugee ramri sungah an lut thei.
Ṭihphanak timi hi thinlung ruahnak, asilole, suangtuahnak parih hrambunmi a si. Curuangah ram sungih thilcangmi lawnglawng zoh tahrat in mi pakhat ih Refugee a tlin le tlinlonak lairel a theih lo. Curaungah mipkhat hi Refugee si dingah a tlin le tlin lo cu ṭihphannak a neih zia a simmi parah hrambun in lairelnak hi a tlangpi thu in tuah a si.
Asinan khatlam ahcun, ṭihphannak timi hi thil a rak cang tektek dahmi par khal ah hrambunmi a si ruangah cuih thilcangmi cu zoh tahratin ṭihphannak a um ngaingai maw ti khal zohfel a ṭul thotho. Curuangah Refugee sinak diltu him hremnak ka tuar ding a si ti ṭihphannak taktak a nei maw ti cu amai simmi (A ṭihphannak) parin siseh, a tlansanmi amai umnak ram sungih thilcangmi parin siseh lairelnak tuah a si.
(2) Mai umnak ram suahsan (Outside f the country)
Refugee sinak dil a tumtu cun cuih sinak a co ngah theinak dingih a tuah ṭulmi a dang thil thupizet pakhat cu mai umnak ram suahsan ding hi a si. Refugee daan (Refugee Law) sungih a um vekin mai umnak ram a suahsantu lawng Refugee ih cohlan theih an si.
Ziangahtile Refugee sinak dil timi cu mai umnak ram ih acozah hin in humhim thei lo ruangah, asilole, in hrem tum ruangah ramdang acozah ih humhimnak va hawl tinak a si. Nangmai ram sungih na um sung cu ramdang acozah in cuih ram parah thuneihnak an nei thei lo ruangah zianghman an lo bawm thei lo. Na ramri na lan ih ramdang na thlen hnu lawngah cuih ram ih acozah, asilole, cuih ram thawn hna a ṭuan tlangtu a dang acozah pakhatkhat in alo bawm thei ding.
Refs:
1. H. Lairam Vapual,"Zo Pawl hi Refugee an si?: International refugee law dinhmun ihsin thlir daan," FPM-FRO KUM (10) KIM MAGAZINE (2007-2017), p 76-80.
1. H. Lairam Vapual,"Zo Pawl hi Refugee an si?: International refugee law dinhmun ihsin thlir daan," FPM-FRO KUM (10) KIM MAGAZINE (2007-2017), p 76-80.
2. 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee
3. Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, by UNHCR.
4. Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia